ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of sexual and gender minority people in the country. METHODS The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of sexual and gender minority people in the country. METHODS The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health.

ABSTRACT: Recognizing the school as a fundamental space for gender socialization, the article describes the representations that teachers have about gender, sexuality, sexism in education and recent changes in gender relations. 5 focus groups were held, 4 in Santiago and 1 in Valparaíso between 2018 and 2019, which were analyzed using the NVIVO 11 program. The conclusions indicate that teachers understand the aspects related to sexist education and the factors that reproduce it or question it. Tensions are observed between teachers and students regarding issues of sexism, as well as within the teaching staff, between newly graduated teachers and those who have been teaching for more years. It is recommended to reinforce the initial training of teachers in sexuality and gender and to train already qualified teachers to face the challenges that social changes impose on the educational system.

RESUMEN: Reconociendo la escuela como espacio fundamental de socialización de género, el artículo describe las representaciones que el profesorado tiene acerca del género, la sexualidad, el sexismo en la educación y los recientes cambios en las relaciones de género. Se realizaron 5 focus groups, 4 en Santiago y 1 en Valparaíso entre 2018 y 2019, los que fueron analizados con el programa NVIVO 11. Las conclusiones indican que los/as docentes comprenden los aspectos relacionados a una educación sexista y los factores que la reproducen o cuestionan. Se observan tensiones entre profesores/as y estudiantes referente a los temas de sexismo, así como también al interior del profesorado, entre profesores/as recién titulados y quienes llevan más años de ejercicio docente. Se recomienda reforzar la formación inicial de profesores/as en sexualidad y género y capacitar a los profesores/as ya titulados para enfrentar los desafíos que los cambios sociales le imponen al sistema educativo.

Abstract Prejudice and discrimination have important effects on the well-being and quality of life of trans people. Hence, investigating with said population implies, in addition to actions to obtain relevant and truthful information, having the necessary actions to attend to their needs and peculiarities. These are populations that are difficult to access (hard-to-reach), stigmatized, in which there is no defined sampling frame, that have physical and mental health indicators lower than those of any other group with which we have worked and that, therefore, it is necessary to take extreme the precautions not to reproduce types of relationships that may be harmful or offensive. The purpose of the present article was to systematize part of our field experience with transgender people, so that it can be useful for those who study with this population. These recommendations aim to provide some conceptual, methodological and ethical guidelines, useful throughout the research process. In particular, we made a series of recommendations that cover from the moment of taking conceptual decisions about the design of the study, through contact with the organizations, until the completion of the field work and subsequent stage of dissemination of results. In particular, a series of recommendations are made regarding: specifying the definition of the group with which one works, recording the variety of gender identifications as people present them, using to sampling methods for hard-to-reach populations or hidden populations, deliver a retribution for the participation (consider participants as experts to be compensated for their work), including activists as experts in every stage of the study (study design, field work, data analysis and dissemination of results), piloting the instruments in specific population, preferably opt for group applications modality and continue with a debriefing, have specific assistance for participants during the application (special needs derived from their age, educational level, reduced mobility, among others), use non-stigmatizing and inclusive language, call together with trans organizations (in order to establish greater trust in the population), attend to a mobility of the population (so as not to replicate the sample in different places), carry out a committed listening and contemplate referral protocols (if necessary given the type of situations described by the participants and their current degree of elaboration), consider different trajectories of transition, conduct inter-analysis sessions and disseminate appropriately within the transgender population. These propositions are discussed in terms of their effects on trans communities, their usefulness and ethical scope, their articulation with the general requirements of all research, and their implications for activism. On the other hand, these recommendations can serve as criteria for evaluating the ethical dimension of research projects with trans people. It may therefore be important to project reviewers, editors, and reviewers of manuscripts submitted for publication. The perspective that we assume in this work is aligned with those called "evidence-based activism", which implies articulating a variety of knowledge, scientifically accredited and of an "experiential" type, in order to explore situations in which the team members Research staff are part of networks that involve them personally in their study topics. It is precisely the relationship with groups that work for the rights of minorities, activists and members of these groups is essential, since they have knowledge acquired through their experience as part of discriminated groups and they can contribute to the mobilization of knowledge in the governance of health issues.

Resumen El presente trabajo expone y fundamenta recomendaciones basadas en la experiencia de investigación en personas transgénero, con la intención de que puedan ser útiles a quienes realicen estudios con dicha población. Estas recomendaciones incluyen orientaciones conceptuales, metodológicas y éticas, aplicables a lo largo del proceso de investigación. En particular, las orientaciones cubren los siguientes temas: definir con precisión el colectivo con el que se trabaja, registrar la variedad de identificaciones de género posibles al interior del mismo, utilizar métodos de muestreo aptos para poblaciones de difícil acceso, retribuir la participación, incluir líderes e investigadores transgéneros como expertos, pilotar los instrumentos en la población que será investigada, optar por modalidades de recolección grupal de datos, ofrecer asistencia individualizada durante la recolección, utilizar un lenguaje no estigmatizante e inclusivo, convocar la participación en conjunto con organizaciones transgénero, atender a la movilidad geográfica de la población, realizar una escucha comprometida y contemplar protocolos de derivación, considerar las diferentes trayectorias de transición, realizar sesiones de interanálisis y, finalmente, difundir apropiadamente los hallazgos al interior de la población transgénero. Se discuten estas proposiciones en términos de sus efectos en las comunidades trans, su utilidad y alcances éticos, su articulación con exigencias generales de toda investigación y sus implicaciones para el activismo.

Abstract This article analyses the way in which the Chilean educational system has reacted both to recent socio-educational debates and to the transformations that society is experiencing in terms of gender, sexuality and family. Studies show how changes have taken place in these areas in society, but not in the educational system, where alternative family forms are invisible and restrictive visions of gender, youth sexuality and sexual diversity predominate, probably due to the lack of training that teachers themselves identify in these subjects. The article suggests carrying out specific studies with teachers and complementing the conceptual and investigative framework applied to non-sexist education with a non-genderist approach, incorporating sexual dissidence, emerging family forms and other gender-related aspects, not hitherto considered in approaches to research.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza la forma en que el sistema educativo chileno ha reaccionado tanto a los debates socioeducativos recientes como a las transformaciones que la sociedad está experimentando en términos de género, sexualidad y familia. Los estudios realizados muestran la producción de cambios en estos ámbitos en la sociedad, no así en el sistema educacional, desde donde se invisibilizan las formas familiares alternativas, predominan visiones restrictivas del género, la sexualidad juvenil y la diversidad sexual, situaciones probablemente relacionadas con la falta de formación que los mismos profesores/as reconocen tener en estos temas. El artículo sugiere la necesidad de realizar estudios específicos con docentes que complementen el marco conceptual e investigativo con que se ha trabajado la educación no sexista con un enfoque no generista, que incorpore las disidencias sexuales, las formas familiares emergentes y otros aspectos relacionados con el género hasta ahora no considerados en las aproximaciones investigativas.

Abstract The Minority Stress Model (Meyer, 2003) has made it possible to explain how sexual prejudice produces negative effects on the health and wellbeing of people belonging to sexual minorities, through distal and proximal stressors. A qualitative study was conducted to investigate the effects of sexual prejudice on the mental health of transgender adults in Chile. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 transgender people, both male and female, in four cities of the country. The results allow us to identify the presence of distal factors associated with overt discrimination, as well as, proximal factors associated with the experience of stigma and its effects on self-concept. Finally, effects on mental health are described, among which the presence of anxious-depressive symptomatology, suicidal ideation and attempts, self-injurious behavior and consumption of alcohol and other substances.

Resumen El Modelo de Estrés de las Minorías (Meyer, 2003) ha permitido explicar de qué forma el prejuicio sexual produce efectos negativos en la salud y bienestar de personas pertenecientes a las minorías sexuales, a través de la identificación de estresores de tipo distales y proximales. Este estudio buscó indagar los efectos del prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de personas transgénero en Chile desde un enfoque cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 17 personas transgénero femeninas y masculinas en cuatro ciudades del país. Los resultados nos permite identificar la presencia de factores distales asociados a discriminación manifiesta y factores proximales asociados a la vivencia del estigma y su relación con el autoconcepto. Finalmente, se describen efectos en la salud mental, entre los que destacan la presencia de sintomatología ansioso-depresiva, ideación e intentos suicidas, conductas autolesivas y consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias.

The recognition of same-sex relationships has increased, but same-sex intimate partner violence has been less studied. Historically, this problem had been studied in heterosexual relationships, women being victims and men main aggressors. This heteronormative approach to intimate partner violence (IPV) often neglects same-sex relationships (Finneran, Chard, Sineath, Sullivan, & Stephenson, 2012; Russell, 2015). For this study, IPV is defined as every act causing psychological, physical or sexual damage, within the context of intimate relationships (Harvey et al., 2007) perceived as such. To our knowledge, there are no studies about IPV in same-sex relationships in Chile. Data about this topic is scarce in the Latin American context (Ferreira et al., 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to provide contextualized knowledge about IPV in same-sex relationships to face this psychosocial problem. The aim of this study was to describe IPV in same-sex relationships in gay men and lesbian women and its sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, results are compared to detect possible differences between groups. LGBT populations are considered a difficult-to-reach or hidden population (Paz-Bailey et al., 2013). For this reason, a snowball sampling procedure was used. The sample consists of 467 participants who identify themselves as gay men (57.4%) or lesbian women (42.6%), aging from 18 to 67 years (M = 27.9; SD = 7.9). The sample was recruited in four Chilean cities (Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Santiago, and Concepción). A specially designed questionnaire was administered to collect data for this study. Results were obtained through descriptive and comparative analyses with a Chi-square Test. Analyses indicate that 80 subjects (17.2%) had experienced some form of IPV (psychological, physical, or sexual); 87.7% of them reported psychological violence; and about half of them (47.5%) physical violence. Likewise, 19.3% respondents reported that there had been an IPV perpetrator. For group analysis, 20.1% of lesbian women and 19.3% of gay men reported some IPV experience. Statistically significant differences between gay men and lesbian women respondents were detected for psychology violence perpetrated [x²(1) = 6.37, p = .01, w = .64]. Gay men reported a higher percentage perpetrating psychological violence in their relationship (87.5%), as compared to the group of lesbian women (65.8%). Also, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV experiences and educational levels [x²(3) = 10.53, p = .01, w = .51]. Subjects with higher educational levels report less IPV frequency. Finally, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV victims and IPV perpetrators. This study represents the first approach to describe and characterize IPV in gay men and lesbian women, thus creating a baseline for making comparisons with future findings on LGBT issues in Chile and Latin America. Results support evidence concerning greater prevalence of psychological violence in both gay men and lesbian women, as compared to other types of violence such as physical and sexual (Barrett & St. Pierre, 2013; Finneran y Stephenson, 2013; Hellemans et al., 2015; Messinger, 2011). In addition, this resultis similar to those of previous studies on general population (Russell, 2015). An important result is IPV mutuality in the sample, namely, IPV occurs in two directions: persons experiencing partner violence concurrently perpetrate violence against their partners. Findings support the view that, in general, violence in same-sex relationships takes place gradually from relation al dynamics marked by violence (Barrientos, Rodríguez-Caballería, Escartín & Longares, in press). In this context, although data from this study are exploratory-descriptive, they make up a good approach to the problem since they include gay men and lesbian women from different Chilean areas of varied sociodemographic characteristics. If similar findings are reported in other studies, they could help direct psychosocial interventions, public policies, and future research. In any case, results must be carefully considered since they are non-representative samples and, in theory, not comparable with each other. Limitations and implications for future IPV research in same-sex relationships are discussed.

La violencia en las relaciones de pareja del mismo sexo es un tema poco explorado. Históricamente, esta problemática ha sido estudiada en el marco de relaciones heterosexuales ubicando a las mujeres como víctimas y a los hombres como principales agresores. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las experiencias de violencia de pareja (VP) en una muestra de 268 hombres gay y 199 mujeres lesbianas. Se utilizó un muestreo tipo bola de nieve para reclutar la muestra en cuatro ciudades chilenas (Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Santiago y Concepción). Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un cuestionario especialmente diseñado para este estudio. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y Chi-cuadrado para indagar posibles relaciones por sexo y características sociodemográficas. Entre los principales resultados se puede señalar que del total de la muestra (N = 467) sólo 80 personas (17.25%) reportaron haber sido receptoras de algún tipo de VP. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el reporte de violencia psicológica entre hombres gay y mujeres lesbianas [χ²(1) = 6.37, p = .01, w =.64]. Los hombres gay reportaron mayor frecuencia de violencia psicológica (87.5%) en comparación con las mujeres lesbianas (65.8%). También se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre experiencias de VP y nivel educativo [χ²(3) = 10.53, p = .01, w = .51]. Las personas con mayor nivel educativo reportan frecuencias menores de VP. Finalmente, se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre haber sido víctima de VP y haber sido perpetrador de VP. Los resultados son discutidos y se plantean implicaciones para futuras investigaciones.

Resumo A investigação em que se baseia este artigo teve como objetivo compreender como se constrói a identidade sexual em homens gay jovens, entre 18 e 29 anos de idade, da cidade da Antofagasta, no norte do Chile. O enfoque da investigação foi qualitativo e a seleção dos participantes foi de caráter intencional. A técnica de produção de informação foi a entrevista semiestruturada. Identificaram-se três categorias que incidem na construção da identidade sexual dos jovens entrevistados: a) a socialização de gênero; b) a discriminação; c) a "saída do armário" (revelação da orientação sexual a outros). Os eixos acima mencionados são importantes em relação a como os entrevistados percebem, vivem e aceitam (ou não) sua orientação sexual. Igualmente, um achado importante é a significação outorgada pelos jovens entrevistados à homofobia internalizada, processo que se sustenta na construção e na internalização de rígidos papéis de gênero, sendo este tipo de homofobia uma das causas da discriminação e da autodiscriminação que existem entre homossexuais.

Abstract This study discusses how sexual identity is constructed among young gay men of 18-29 years-old from Antofagasta in northern Chile. The study uses a qualitative approach and the selection of participants was intentional. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews. Three categories influencing youth's sexual identity were identified: a) gender socialization, b) discrimination; and c) "coming out of the closet" (revealing sexual orientation to others). Those indicators are important in relation to how interviewees perceive, experience, and accept or not their sexual orientation. In addition, an important finding is the significance given by participants to internalized homophobia. This process is based on the construction and internalization of rigid gender roles. This type of homophobia is one of the causes of discrimination and self-discrimination among homosexuals.

Resumen La investigación en la que se funda este artículo tuvo como objetivo comprender cómo se construye la identidad sexual en hombres gay jóvenes, entre 18 y 29 años de edad, de la ciudad de Antofagasta, en el norte de Chile. El enfoque de la investigación fue cualitativo y la selección de los participantes fue de carácter intencional. La técnica de producción de información fue la entrevista semi-estructurada. Se identificaron tres categorías que inciden en la construcción de la identidad sexual de los jóvenes entrevistados: a) la socialización de género; b) la discriminación; y c) la "salida del armario" (revelación de la orientación sexual a otros). Los ejes mencionados son importantes en cómo los entrevistados perciben, viven y aceptan (o no) su orientación sexual. Igualmente, un hallazgo importante es la significación otorgada por los jóvenes entrevistados a la homofobia internalizada, proceso que se sustenta en la construcción e internalización de rígidos roles de género, siendo este tipo de homofobia una de las causas de la discriminación y auto-discriminación que existe entre homosexuales.

This study aimed at learning institutional discourses on the sexuality and self-care youngsters. Participants were between 15 and 19 years of age, men and women from public, private, and university educational institutions from the city of Antofagasta in northern Chile. A qualitative methodology was used and 24 subjects were interviewed in-depth. The main findings suggest a flexible relation of young subjects with institutional regulations, either ascribing to their mandates or exercising dissent. Poor implementation of sexual education programs was detected, thus becoming a problem throughout private and public institutions, although with greater social impact on the latter.

Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo conocer los discursos institucionales de la sexualidad y el autocuidado juvenil. Los participantes fueron hombres y mujeres jóvenes de entre 15 y 19 años, pertenecientes a establecimientos educativos públicos, privados y universitarios de la ciudad de Antofagasta, en el norte de Chile. Se trabajó con una metodología cualitativa, aplicando entrevistas en profundidad a 24 sujetos. Los principales hallazgos sugieren una relación flexible del sujeto joven con las normativas institucionales, en algunos casos adscribiéndose a sus mandatos y, en otros, ejerciendo disidencias. Asimismo, se advirtió una implementación deficiente de programas en educación sexual, constituyendo una problemática transversal en establecimientos privados y públicos, aunque con mayores repercusiones sociales en estos últimos.

O objetivo foi descrever a satisfação com a vida sexual dos casais no período do climatério e determinar se existem diferenças entre as percepções da satisfação com a vida sexual de cada membro do casal. Foram seleccionados cento e quarenta e dois casais por meio de uma amostragem estratificada dos centros de saúde familiar em Concepción, Chile. Sessenta e seis porcento das mulheres e 84% dos homens relataram ser muito ou moderadamente satisfeitos com suas vidas sexuais. Verificou-se uma leve concordância entre as respostas de cada membro do casal em relação à satisfação com a vida sexual. Também identificou-se um leve grau de concordância entre a satisfação com a vida sexual referida pela mulher e a percepção da satisfação com a vida sexual que seu parceiro tem dela. Da mesma forma, verificou-se um discreto grau de acordo para a referida pelo homem e a percepção da satisfação com a vida sexual que sua companheira tem dele. É oferecida uma nova informação a respeito dos casais chilenos no período do climatério, em relação à satisfação sexual autoinformada e a satisfação percebida no parceiro, evidenciando-se a diferença da percepção entre os casais.

The objective was to describe the sexual life satisfaction of couples in the climacteric stage and determine whether there are differences between the perception of satisfaction and the sex life of each partner. We studied 142 couples obtained by stratified sampling of family health centers, Concepción, Chile. 66% of women and 84% of men reported being very or somewhat satisfied with their sex lives. Slight concordance was found between the responses of the partners in relation to satisfaction with their sexual life. Moreover, a slight degree of agreement was found between the sexual life satisfaction reported by women and their partners' perceptions of the women's sexual life satisfaction. Additionally, a slight degree of agreement was reported between the sexual life satisfaction reported by men and their partners' perceptions of the men's sexual life satisfaction. This study provides new information about Chilean couples in the climacteric stage in relation to self-reported sexual satisfaction and perceived satisfaction in couples.

El estudio describe la satisfacción con la vida sexual de parejas en etapa de climaterio, además de determinar si existen diferencias entre las percepciones de satisfacción con la vida sexual de cada miembro de la pareja. Se estudiaron 142 parejas, obtenidas mediante muestreo estratificado en centros de salud familiar de Concepción, Chile. Un 66% de mujeres y un 84% de hombres informaron sentirse muy o algo satisfechos con su vida sexual de pareja. Se encontró una concordancia leve entre las respuestas de cada miembro de la pareja, en relación con la satisfacción en la vida sexual. También, se encontró un grado de acuerdo leve entre satisfacción con la vida sexual informada por la mujer y la percepción de satisfacción con la vida sexual que su pareja tiene de ella. Asimismo, se reportó un grado discreto de acuerdo para la satisfacción con vida sexual referida por el hombre y la percepción de satisfacción con la vida sexual que su pareja tiene de él. Este estudio proporciona nueva información respecto a parejas chilenas en etapa de climaterio, en relación con la satisfacción sexual autoinformada y percibida en la pareja.

O objetivo foi descrever a satisfação com a vida sexual dos casais no período do climatério e determinar se existem diferenças entre as percepções da satisfação com a vida sexual de cada membro do casal. Foram seleccionados cento e quarenta e dois casais por meio de uma amostragem estratificada dos centros de saúde familiar em Concepción, Chile. Sessenta e seis porcento das mulheres e 84% dos homens relataram ser muito ou moderadamente satisfeitos com suas vidas sexuais. Verificou-se uma leve concordância entre as respostas de cada membro do casal em relação à satisfação com a vida sexual. Também identificou-se um leve grau de concordância entre a satisfação com a vida sexual referida pela mulher e a percepção da satisfação com a vida sexual que seu parceiro tem dela. Da mesma forma, verificou-se um discreto grau de acordo para a referida pelo homem e a percepção da satisfação com a vida sexual que sua companheira tem dele. É oferecida uma nova informação a respeito dos casais chilenos no período do climatério, em relação à satisfação sexual autoinformada e a satisfação percebida no parceiro, evidenciando-se a diferença da percepção entre os casais.

The objective was to describe the sexual life satisfaction of couples in the climacteric stage and determine whether there are differences between the perception of satisfaction and the sex life of each partner. We studied 142 couples obtained by stratified sampling of family health centers, Concepción, Chile. 66% of women and 84% of men reported being very or somewhat satisfied with their sex lives. Slight concordance was found between the responses of the partners in relation to satisfaction with their sexual life. Moreover, a slight degree of agreement was found between the sexual life satisfaction reported by women and their partners' perceptions of the women's sexual life satisfaction. Additionally, a slight degree of agreement was reported between the sexual life satisfaction reported by men and their partners' perceptions of the men's sexual life satisfaction. This study provides new information about Chilean couples in the climacteric stage in relation to self-reported sexual satisfaction and perceived satisfaction in couples.

El estudio describe la satisfacción con la vida sexual de parejas en etapa de climaterio, además de determinar si existen diferencias entre las percepciones de satisfacción con la vida sexual de cada miembro de la pareja. Se estudiaron 142 parejas, obtenidas mediante muestreo estratificado en centros de salud familiar de Concepción, Chile. Un 66% de mujeres y un 84% de hombres informaron sentirse muy o algo satisfechos con su vida sexual de pareja. Se encontró una concordancia leve entre las respuestas de cada miembro de la pareja, en relación con la satisfacción en la vida sexual. También, se encontró un grado de acuerdo leve entre satisfacción con la vida sexual informada por la mujer y la percepción de satisfacción con la vida sexual que su pareja tiene de ella. Asimismo, se reportó un grado discreto de acuerdo para la satisfacción con vida sexual referida por el hombre y la percepción de satisfacción con la vida sexual que su pareja tiene de él. Este estudio proporciona nueva información respecto a parejas chilenas en etapa de climaterio, en relación con la satisfacción sexual autoinformada y percibida en la pareja.

El objetivo de este artículo es adaptar y validar la Escala de Apoyo Social Subjetivo (EASS, de Vaux et al., 1986), a la vez que describir su estructura factorial. Esta escala está compuesta por 10 ítems distribuidos en dos dimensiones: apoyo familiar y apoyo de los amigos. Se examinan las propiedades psicométricas de la escala y la dimensionalidad de la misma en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios chilenos (N = 681). Los resultados indican que el EASS constituye un instrumento fiable (α = .86) y válido para la medición del apoyo social subjetivo. Las dimensiones de la EASS obtienen entre sí una correlación significativa y moderada (r = .41; p < .001). Las cargas factoriales para los ítems en el análisis factorial confirmatorio fluctuaron entre .40 y .93, mostrando buenos índices de ajuste para el modelo de dos factores de primer orden correlacionados (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 y RSMEA = .08).

The purpose of this paper is to adapt and validate the Subjective Social Support Scale (Vaux et al, 1986) and to describe its factor structure. The scale consists of 10 items distributed in two dimensions measured in the original instrument: family support and support from friends. The psychometric properties and dimensionality of the scale are examined in a sample of Chilean college students (N = 681). Results show that the scale is a reliable instrument (α = .86) and valid for measuring subjective social support. Its two dimensions show a moderate and significant correlation (r = .41; p < .001). The factor loadings of the items in the confirmatory factor analysis varied between .40 and .93, showing good fit indices for the correlated first order two factor model (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 and RSMEA = .08).

O objetivo deste artigo é adaptar e validar a Escala de Apoio Social Subjetivo (EASS, de Vaux et al., 1986), e ao mesmo tempo descrever sua estrutura fatorial. Esta escala está composta por 10 itens distribuídos em duas dimensões: apoio familiar e apoio dos amigos. Examinam-se as propriedades psicométricas da escala e a dimensionalidade da mesma em uma mostra de estudantes universitários chilenos (N = 681). Os resultados indicam que o EASS constitui um instrumento fiável (α = .86) e válido para a medição do apoio social subjetivo. As dimensões da EASS obtêm entre si uma correlação significativa e moderada (r = .41; p < .001). As cargas fatoriais para os itens na análise fatorial confirmatória flutuaram entre .40 e .93, mostrando bons índices de ajuste para o modelo de dois fatores de primeira ordem correlacionados (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 e RSMEA = .08).

Este artigo descreve e caracteriza sociodemograficamente uma amostra de homens gay em três cidades do Chile, abordando também seus níveis de homofobia e bem-estar subjetivo. Por meio de uma amostra em série do tipo bola de neve foram entrevistados 325 homens autoidentificados como gay. Entre os principais achados evidenciaram-se altos níveis de discriminação e vitimização percebida, em comparação com estudos similares realizados no país. Os entrevistados apresentaram níveis maiores de bem-estar social. A idade dos entrevistados aporta diferenças para os níveis de bem-estar social e não para as outras medidas. As pessoas com estudos superiores reportam também maiores níveis de vitimização e um maior impacto vital das situações de discriminação. Adicionalmente, embora as pessoas que residem em Santiago reportem um maior impacto de agressões, eles apresentam melhores níveis de bem-estar social e felicidade em comparação com pessoas que moram em outras regiões.

This article describes the socio-demographic characteristics of a sample of gay men in three cities in Chile, as well as experience with homophobia and subjective well-being. Snowball sampling was used to interview 325 gay men. The main findings included high levels of perceived discrimination and victimization, but interviewees reported higher levels of social well-being compared to studies elsewhere in the country. Age was related to differences in levels of social well-being, but not other variables. Individuals with university education reported higher levels of victimization and greater impact of discrimination on their lives. Gay men in Santiago reported a higher relative impact from incidents of aggression, but better levels of social well-being and happiness compared to those in other regions of Chile.

Este artículo describe y caracteriza sociodemográficamente a una muestra de hombres gay en tres ciudades de Chile. Además, describe sus niveles de homofobia y bienestar subjetivo. Mediante un muestreo en cadena tipo bola de nieve se encuestó a 325 hombres que se autodefinieron como gay. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró altos niveles de discriminación y victimización percibida. Además en comparación con estudios similares efectuados en el país, los encuestados presentan niveles mayores de bienestar social. La edad de los encuestados aporta diferencias para los niveles de bienestar social y no para las otras medidas. También, las personas con estudios superiores reportan mayores niveles de victimización y un mayor impacto vital de las situaciones de discriminación. Asimismo, si bien las personas que residen en Santiago reportan un mayor impacto relativo de los hechos de agresión, presentan mejores niveles de bienestar social y felicidad en comparación a las personas que viven en otras regiones.

This article describes the socio-demographic characteristics of a sample of gay men in three cities in Chile, as well as experience with homophobia and subjective well-being. Snowball sampling was used to interview 325 gay men. The main findings included high levels of perceived discrimination and victimization, but interviewees reported higher levels of social well-being compared to studies elsewhere in the country. Age was related to differences in levels of social well-being, but not other variables. Individuals with university education reported higher levels of victimization and greater impact of discrimination on their lives. Gay men in Santiago reported a higher relative impact from incidents of aggression, but better levels of social well-being and happiness compared to those in other regions of Chile.

Este artículo describe y caracteriza sociodemográficamente a una muestra de hombres gay en tres ciudades de Chile. Además, describe sus niveles de homofobia y bienestar subjetivo. Mediante un muestreo en cadena tipo bola de nieve se encuestó a 325 hombres que se autodefinieron como gay. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró altos niveles de discriminación y victimización percibida. Además en comparación con estudios similares efectuados en el país, los encuestados presentan niveles mayores de bienestar social. La edad de los encuestados aporta diferencias para los niveles de bienestar social y no para las otras medidas. También, las personas con estudios superiores reportan mayores niveles de victimización y un mayor impacto vital de las situaciones de discriminación. Asimismo, si bien las personas que residen en Santiago reportan un mayor impacto relativo de los hechos de agresión, presentan mejores niveles de bienestar social y felicidad en comparación a las personas que viven en otras regiones.

Este artigo descreve e caracteriza sociodemograficamente uma amostra de homens gay em três cidades do Chile, abordando também seus níveis de homofobia e bem-estar subjetivo. Por meio de uma amostra em série do tipo bola de neve foram entrevistados 325 homens autoidentificados como gay. Entre os principais achados evidenciaram-se altos níveis de discriminação e vitimização percebida, em comparação com estudos similares realizados no país. Os entrevistados apresentaram níveis maiores de bem-estar social. A idade dos entrevistados aporta diferenças para os níveis de bem-estar social e não para as outras medidas. As pessoas com estudos superiores reportam também maiores níveis de vitimização e um maior impacto vital das situações de discriminação. Adicionalmente, embora as pessoas que residem em Santiago reportem um maior impacto de agressões, eles apresentam melhores níveis de bem-estar social e felicidade em comparação com pessoas que moram em outras regiões.

Este artículo busca validar la Escala de Actitudes hacia Lesbianas y Hombres Gais ([ATLG], Herek, 1988). El punto de partida son las cinco dimensiones reportadas en estudios anteriores (Cárdenas & Barrientos, 2008). Ninguna investigación ha confirmado la estructura factorial hipotética de la ATLG con una muestra de hispanoparlantes. El estudio examinó tres estructuras factoriales, y los resultados indican que el modelo de dos factores proporciona la mejor descripción de los ítems de la ATLG. Además, se examinaron las propiedades psicométricas con una muestra de 518 estudiantes universitarios. La ATLG se mostró confiable (a = 0.93) y válida para una población chilena.

This paper intends to validate the Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (Herek, 1988). The starting point is the five dimensions reported in previous studies (Cárdenas & Barrientos, 2008). No research has confirmed the hypothesized ATLG factor structure with a Spanish-language sample. This study tested three factor structures, results indicating that the two-factor second-order model provides the best description of ATLG items. Additionally, psychometric properties were examined using a sample of 518 college students. ATLG proved reliable (a = 0.93) and valid for Chilean population.